The Thing in the Forrest Free Essays

Sometimes in life when we have an experience that deeply affects us, it can change our whole perspective. The story â€Å"The Thing in the forest† is a example of how this can happen. The two main characters Penny and Primrose meet when they are children and share a horrific experience in the forest. We will write a custom essay sample on The Thing in the Forrest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then by chance meet back at the scene and briefly reassure one another that what happened really did happen. But their contact ends there once again almost as if seeing each other was too uncomfortable. Then oddly enough both women end up going back to the forest looking for some kind of resolve. In â€Å"The Thing in the Forest† the two little girls encounter a terrifying creature that profoundly affects their sense of reality; this results in similar personal traits and shared sense of searching for what’s real despite that they never talk of it. When the two girls meet not much is given about their characters, however throughout the story we find that the two ladies have quite a few things in common. This is due to their experience in the forest that they shared so long ago. Some of the similarities are within their character and some are sheer coincidence. Neither woman has married probably because of their disrupted childhood when they were exiled from their families and sent to live in the â€Å"great house† by the woods until it was safe again at home (Byatt). This is when Penny and Primrose decide to go into the woods and are followed by a younger girl who is never seen again. The girls encounter a creature that smelled of â€Å"liquid putrefaction† and looked like a mixture of â€Å"rank meat and decaying vegetation† (Byatt). The wake of the creature leaves â€Å"a trail of bloody slime and dead vegetation† in which the younger girl disappears (Byatt). Then the very next day the girls are placed with temporary families. Once home again both girls fathers die in accidents. Penny’s father died in a firefighting accident and Primroses was a causality of the war as he was soldier. The experience of being exiled, their fathers sudden deaths and and seeing this terrifying creature that possibly killed the younger girl has hanged their sense of what is real, I’m sure the concept of love and relationship is very easily questioned for the both of them. Both women also have chosen jobs that work with children; Penny becomes a child psychologist dealing mostly dealing in the dreams of children and Primrose among her other odd jobs becomes a children’s story time teller at the local mall. Both women are embroiled with children and their minds just on different ends of the spectrum. One lis tens and one tells. When Penny and Primrose meet by quirk of fate back at the â€Å"great house†, that has now been given to the nation and made in to a museum, they are taken aback by the unplanned visit. They become aware of each other while reading a description of a story in a book about a fabled worm like creature that supposedly lurked in the woods near by. The alarm of the story and the by chance meeting of the two women while simultaneously reading its historic description jolts the two. They feel as if they would have never recognized each other if it weren’t for the given situation. They reassure each other that they both really did see the creature that it is real. The women remark on how strange it is that the children’s presence during the exile is not depicted anywhere in the history of the house. This lack of mention about the children in exile ever being in the house reaffirms some of the question of what is real in the two women’s minds. They decide on having some tea and reminisce a little more about the time they spent in exile, on the train, in the â€Å"great house†, brief tidbits of their life and the younger girl named Alys who had disappeared. It did finish her off, that little one, didn’t it? † â€Å"I wonder if we’d made her up,† said Primrose. â€Å"Nobody ever asked where she was or looked for her,† said Penny (Byatt). The women are slightly relived at their agreement because this gives them the assurance they need not to feel as if they made the whole thing up. The assumed death of the you nger girl could be said to mirror the psychological death of Penny and Primrose, and this reassurance helps them feel as if they can finally move on. This brief conversation between the two is the last contact they will have with each other. The women both decide not to honor the dinner date they planed, I believe at this point the Penny and Primrose feel any further contact with each other is unbearable because of the underlying memories of any supplementary conversation. Yet they are still searching for what is real within them selves. Searching to the extent that both women are drawn back in to the woods and for the same reason. Primrose goes to the woods with purpose; she even follows the same path from years ago. Primrose had really been in a magic forest. She knew that the forest was a source of terror† (Byatt). While in the forest she questions what is real in her life, her home and how her mother disclosed that her father had been killed. She resolves that the forest and what happened in it to be truly real. In all of her thinking she decides she is satisfied and in turn wants to go home. The way Primrose views this experience and the woods around her in a story like fashion is very telling about why she deals in storytelling for a job. It all comes from the same place and this is why she has always careful not to scare the children she reads to. Penny on the other hand ends up in the forest even after purposely walking in the opposite direction of their original path. She is very perceptive of her surroundings in a different way than Primrose, who feels the need to almost coach herself along in a story like fashion, whereas Penny was looking for signs of the creature. She looked for all things that would be concrete evidence of the creature. It was the encounter with the thing that led her to deal professionally in dreams. Something that resembled unreality that had lumbered into reality, and she had seen it† (Byatt). Penny believed she could feel the creature and decided that it chose to recede back into the forest. She also spent some time thinking of her own father and how when he died her mother became a recluse, seeing this reaction scared her emotionally. This is the reason she threw herself in to study and possibly never married. At the end of it all this women still do not converse or sit with one another when taking the same train home. They just share an acknowledgeable stare at the train station then go their separate ways. Primrose goes home and back to work but with a new confidence, she decides to tell the story of â€Å"The Thing in the Forest† she is no longer afraid. Penny goes back to the woods with the conviction that she needs this, for this creature to come to her because it has become the most real thing she can recognize. â€Å"She was ready† and waiting for it (Byatt). Despite how different these women are, they are one in the same. Penny and Primrose shared something awful that forever changed them in very similar ways. They also shared separate experiences in the same forest and came to the same realizations that the creature is real and it had affected their person emotionally and steered their paths throughout life. It is apparent to me that that these similarities the women share cannot be a coincidence but are a direct result of that horrifying day they saw â€Å"The Thing in the Forest†. How to cite The Thing in the Forrest, Papers

Diploma Standarts Anwers Essay Example For Students

Diploma Standarts Anwers Essay Signs and symptoms of types tot abuse: *Physical abuse: injuries to face head, unexplained falls, bruises. Sexual abuse: change in behavior, injuries to genital and anal area, difficulty in liking, and sitting, self harm. *Emotional/psychological abuse: fear, anger, low self esteem, depression, withdrawal, weight loss/gain, changes in appetite, sleep. *Financial abuse: lack of cash on day to day basis, unpaid bills, misuse of supermarkets club cards. *Institutional abuse: inability to make choices, agitation if routine broken, showing signs of challenging behavior, feeling Of depression if service users cant go out due to shortage in staffing. Self neglect: absence Of hygiene, low self esteem, isolation. *Neglect by Others: preventing service users to have access to services, absence of prescribed medication, isolation, and absence Of personal hygiene. 3- Factors that can contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse may include a learning disability, mental illness, el derly, children, homeless, being abused in the past or/and being inexperienced. Outcome 2 1- Actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual, a service user in particular, is being abused: *Follows the guidelines stated in my employers policy. *Report the suspicion/incident to my line manager, filling the relevant safeguarding adults from abuse form. *Make careful records of what was suspected including the date, time, and evidence if available. Actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused: adult safe. * be receptive game; perceptive. Take it seriously. *keep the vulnerable *Make careful records, preferably the individuals own words, Of What was *Report the allegation to my line manager. 3- Ways to ensure that evidence Of abuse is preserved: *Statements by the victim or/and witnesses if there are any. *physical evidence (as in to keep any tools used for the abusive incident, also not to wash the person if thieve been sexually abused or bleeding unless it jeopardizes the wellbeing of the service user). Need be. Outcome 3 Use of tape records and photographs if 1- National policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse may include the following: * The Concerns and complaints procedure * Risk Assessment and Management pack Grievance Policy * Disciplinary Policy Risk Management Strategy * Risk Management Policy k Client risk assessments * Major clinical game; serious untoward incident policy Whistle blowing policy * Accidents, Incidents and Near Misses Guide book * Accidents, Incidents and Near Misses reporting policy * Claims Management Policy game; Procedures * Complaints Policy . Different agencies have important roles in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse, such as Care quality commission which regulate and inspect care providers. Medical professionals like Gaps, nurses, and care managers can diagnose, examine and treat individuals who have been abused, they also record incidents and dates that may even be used as evidence. Police is also another crucial body in protecting individuals if needed as they can investigate, prosecute and prevent crimes. Social Care Council in turn can protect and safeguard vulnerable individuals and stand for their rights. Wintergreen View incidents of abuse could be the best example of reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse as its been reported that there was a systematic failure to protect the vulnerable people in that care home regardless of the C. Q. C. s inspections. The staff, as filmed on Bibs Panorama, demonstrated all types of abuse and proved to be not fit to work in a care settin g. The management, however, did not ensure that major incidents were reported to the ICQ as required by law and did not take reasonable steps to identify the possibility of abuse and prevent it before it happened. Another example of failing to protect individuals from abuse is that of an Essex care home that has been published in a report by ICQ after a routine visit in January 2012. The report says that the provider was not meeting several essential standards inspectors looked at and a major concern was identified. These concerns included care plans were out of date. Food was not wrapped and dated Which could cause food poisoning, medication was not securely stored and staff were not even trained to use emergency medication for patients with epilepsy, the provider failed to notify ICQ that they moved abroad in summer 2011, whilst ICQ should have been let to know because if any care provider is going to be absent from the country for more than 28 days, ICQ should be notified. Also, the lady whos recently been on the BBC news that was neglected and eventually died in Stafford Hospital is another report of a big and serious failure within the INS to protect vulnerable adults from abuse which the health secretary himself expressed his shame and disappointment. Sources tot information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse may include regular trainings, supervisions, internet, my employers Safeguarding Adults policy and my work colleagues sometimes. Outcome 4 1- Abuse is likely to be reduced if all staff, including managers and support workers, are putting the service users person centered values first; that is to say, meeting their own personal needs, prompting their choice and rights, as well as encouraging them to take part in activities they choose whether indoors or ou tdoors. An accessible complaints procedure is crucial for reducing the likelihood Of abuse because if staff are aware Of the right procedure by reporting any suspicious incident to the relevant authority or/and manager and filling the elevate form, then the abuse is likely to be dealt With sooner, hence individuals who abuse others, on purpose especially, would think twice before the abuse is com edited. Outcome 5 1- There are many unsafe practices that may affect the wellbeing of others such as moving and handling service users without following their care plan/ guidelines, doing personal care whilst not wearing protected gloves or even not changing them whilst handling more than one service user at a time, not washing hands before and during handling Todd, also testing or talking on the phone while transporting service users. Actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified are *Protect: ensure the safety of service users. Report: the abuse to the line manager. *Preserve: keep up the evidence. *Record: write a statement or filling the relevant form. 3- The action to take if suspected abuse has been reported, but nothing has been done in response would be to resort to the manager next in line; that is, if the suspected abuse has been reported to my line manager and nothings been done, then need to report it to my managers manager, if no response then to the manager of my ma nagers manager and so on so forth. If necessary, can also resort to Other agencies that can seriously deal With the suspected abuse such as ICQ, Social care council. The role of the health ; social care worker 206 Outcome I 1- A working relationship is a way of describing relationships with colleagues within work; it should be professional and to always keep in mind the duty of care. However, a personal relationship is one where somebody personal/private and social life are involved. 2. Frederic and Joliot-Curie EssayOutcome 3 3- Challenging discrimination is not easy, but it needs to be done so that hose who discriminate others should be punished hence change their behaviors in the future hopefully. This can be done via whistle blowing the act of discrimination to the line manager if it happens in my work setting or to the relevant authority if it happens elsewhere, Principles for implementing duty of care 304: 1- Duty of care in my own job role means that I have to adhere to all of my employers policies and guidelines including health game; safety, safeguarding adults, food safety and simply deliver a high quality person centered care. Duty Of care does contribute a great deal to the protection of vulnerable individuals in the sense that when I follow infection control procedures, for instance, by washing hands accordingly and wearing gloves, I then protect those vulnerable individuals from catching an infection, and its the case for all of the other protocols and policies so to speak. Outcome 2 1- There are a number of occasions in which potential conflicts or dilemmas do arise between the duty of care and an individuals rights. For example, once was supporting an epileptic individual who had a drop seizure, as a result he injured his back and the paramedics had to be called, the service user refused to let me hone the ambulance, however I did call the ambulance because felt it was my duty tot care to do so hence keep the service user safe. Therefore, despite the fact that that service user refused treatment which was one of his rights, yet my duty of care had to override his choice on that occasion. Managing risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individuals rights and the duty of care is not always easy, but eve should always consult our care manager, attend regular trainings, and liaise with individuals families to make them all aware. 3- There are several sources of where to get additional support and advice guarding conflicts and dilemmas. These can be: managers, colleagues, health professionals, internet, learning disability team, and other organizations. I- HOW to respond to complaints *Stay calm and acknowledge the complaint. *Try to resolve the complaint directly With the complainant. *Be aware of differing views of what happened and what was said. *Reassure the complainant. *Follow my employers complaint procedure thats already in place. *Report the complaint to my line manager and keep any documents recorded. The main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints are: *Receipt and acknowledgement, Assessment. *Investigation. *Response. *Resolution. Promote person centered approaches in health social care 305: Outcomes I- Person centered values must influence all aspects of health and social care because the individuals we look after are the core of this sector and by respecting them as individuals and promoting their choices and rights we are then, as service providers, somehow and somewhat delivering the best quality care. 2- Care plans are crucial in applying person centered values as they provide a lot of information about the individual. And knowing the individuals likes/dislikes, medical needs C it makes it easier for the support worker to promote person centered values. 1- Factors that affect the capacity of an individual to express consent could be someone with a learning disability, someone who lacks mental capacity, and someone who does not communicate verbally or non-verbally, or even someone with a language barrier. 2- There are many activities service users attend such as going to a day care or club, however if the y choose not to go at times simply because they dont want to then eve ought to respect their choice and not force them to go. Steps to take if consent cannot be readily established would depend on each tuition and how risky the situation is. For example, if the service user refuses to take his medication, I would then try to encourage him with all ways possible and if he/she is still rejecting the medication, I would then fill in the relevant form and ring my line manager as well as his/her JPG to let them know and take their advice into consideration. Outcome 4 1- Different ways of applying active participation to meet individuals needs could lie in the use Of encouragement and praise While supporting an individual to make choices because encouragement and praise give the individual inference to continue to make choices about Other aspects Of their lives. 4- Describing how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others would depend on the mental capacity of the individuals support. But, I would say that I need their permission first and get them to express exactly what they want or need. Then, I can offer them more information and suggestions, and a plan to challenge such decisions. Outcome 6 1- Identity, sell image and sell esteem are all linked because low or high sell esteem comes from a positive identity and identity is what the individual thinks bout himself/herself, and self image is how the person wants to be presented and seen by others. 2- Factors that contribute to the wellbeing of individuals lie in the way they were brought up, the food they eat, the friends they have, the activities they go to, the medication they take and the care they receive. Outcome 7 1- Most risk assessments in health and social care have the following *the individuals details *people who contributed to the risk assessment, signature and review date *background to the risk assessment (What complications the individual has) *risk grade (whether its high or low) strategies to minimize it *whats important to the individual (the activity) hafts important for the individual (to be safe, usually) *staff responsibilities *occurrence (high or low) *consequence of the risk *impact on others *the individuals plan (staff support) 2- Risk taking can sometimes be related to rights and responsibilities, but risk assessments are put in place to evaluate the degree of the risk hence minimize or even eliminate it. 3- Risk assessments need to be regularly reviewed because individuals needs do change and what might be hazardous now may not be in six months time for instance.

Miqueen Paxton Essays (179 words) - , Term Papers

Miqueen Paxton Comm 100 MWF 7am 9/10/2017 Self-Review Before I gave the speech was very nervous. I was ready though I felt prepared but still nervous .After I felt relieved I was finished but disappointed I felt like I could've did better I froze during the speech and felt like I didn't deliver how I wanted too. I think I felt different because I first I felt ready and after I felt like I wasn't as prepared as I thought. I could've improved in the delivery. I know this because I was nervous and I felt myself shaking and my voice quivering. I felt like I could've been more prepared my outline wasn't with me and I know if I would've had it I would've delivered better. I feel like I excelled the most at the part of my speech where I talked about my dad because that is the part of my life I'm most comfortable with In my next speech I believe I will be comfortable I will do this by practicing more and being more prepared.

Brecht and Epic Theatre essays

Brecht and Epic Theatre essays Clearly Defining What Brecht Meant By Epic Theatre Show How He Sort To Achieve His Aims Through His Production Methods Brecht was reacting against the theatre of the time; this was because traditional theatre had a fantastic set, elaborate costumes, sentimental music and sloppy emotion. He thought this type of theatre was aesthetically wrong as he felt a good story had been taken and made sentimental. He also believed this type of theatre was morally wrong, as the plays did not portray a truthful picture of everyday life. For example a poor person would have rosy cheeks and look well fed, which was not the case. It was also the events of the time that also inspired Brecht to create Epic theatre and that was the nazi movement. In the rallies people became so emotionally involved that they would lose control of their bodily functions but also did not have the ability to stand back and look at it analytically to realise what was going was wrong and how to stop it. From this Brecht wanted a change to take place in the theatre. His aims for this new type of theatre were firstly to entertain, because he knew only then could he change people's minds and in turn change society. Theatre in Brecht's view was that not only should it entertain but also educate and teach people. This is why he wrote the 'Leherstuck' (Learning Plays) which at first were didactic but after having lessons in the Marxist theory around 1927 they became more dialectical, this is obvious in all his works. Brecht believed the way to teach was to reject emotion as he said 'one mustn't congeal them in emotional jelly', although later he changed his mind. Brecht basically wanted a new type of theatre for the 'scientific' age. Dramatic theatre was the traditional form at the time but Brecht along with Piscator created the first Epic theatre. Epic theatre took Brecht years to formulate and was not firmly established until the 1940's-50's. Both forms of theatre had a di...

PUBLIC POLICY 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

PUBLIC POLICY 3000 - Essay Example The time taken for a new policy to be put in place and be fully operational may take a short time as one week, and as long as years. Public policy draws people, institutions, markets and government into familiar patterns of decision making (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2013). This essentially implies that setting and administering policy are intricate as many stakeholders and players influences decisions and choices made. Preparation of a public policy is a daunting task, which calls for intense activity and coordination with other administrative and government decisions to ensure consistency. The process may take a long time as decision makers have to incorporate expert evidence, bureaucratic and political counsel, and competing interests of people affected by the policy proposal (O'Sullivan & Gibb, 2008). This discussion seeks to explore public policy on social housing in England, as well as health policy in Australia Universal health policy in Australia Australia attains universal c overage through Medicare, which is a tax financed public insurance program that covers most medical care. The universal health care also includes physician and hospital services and prescription drugs. Majority of Australian health services are funded and regulated by the central government, but territories and states have obligations for public hospital care (The commonwealth fund, 2013). In addition to Medicare, the government subsidizes private insurance, which is used by half of the Australian citizens to cover dental care costs and private hospitals (Australia Policy Online, 2013). Issues surrounding universal health policy coordination Universal health policy in Australia has been a subject of debate in the commonwealth since 1940s. The focal point of concern is the diverging interests of major stakeholders who have conflicting interests. Healthcare givers want huge profits and earnings; the government wants to maintain a tight and strict control over the money they use, where as consumers want to have quality healthcare facilities at affordable prices (Armstrong, 2007). In verity, these objectives cannot be accomplished at the same time, which heightens conflicts among stakeholders. In addition to the above controversy, Australia experiences ideological differences among its top organs of government. The liberal party in coalition with the national party takes on a liberal individualist approach. This favors least government intervention in the health policy, leaving private insurance and private medicine to take the largest role. On the other hand, the Australian labor party takes a social liberal stand, holding that health ought to be financed by the government in a bid to attain access and equity goals. Perspectives on policy implementation Australian government is faced by major challenges in implementing universal healthcare. Although Australian health system is globally ranked among the best; much needs to be done to address the concerns on a varie ty of issues. These are the health of aboriginal Australians, quality of health offered, access, equity and affordability, increase in preventable diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and complexity of health services. In addition, the strides made in the health sector that place Australia are under pressure as a result of the ageing population, the rising burden of chronic ailments

International marketing - PowerPoint Presentation

International marketing - - PowerPoint Presentation Example Product strategy is an important part of marketing strategy. It discusses the methodology regarding launching and presentation of a product in some specific market. It also concentrates which population should be the target consumers and how these products can be reached to these consumers. "Product Strategy is perhaps the most important function of a company. It must take in account the capabilities in terms of engineering, of production, of distribution (sales) existing in the company or of time to acquire them (by hiring or by mergers)." (Febcm.club) Furthermore, product strategy discusses how the consumers can be motivated for using a specific product dropping the products of competitors and rival companies. â€Å"Marketing plan for a product based on the characteristics of the target market, market share objectives, desired product positioning within the market, and profit objectives. Strategic plans for a product are based on decisions regarding the four ps (product, place, pr ice, and promotion), financial targets and budgets, and tactical plans.†(Answer.com). Since the world has turned into a global village, the great companies have started launching their products at international markets. The Nike Women is also one among such great brands. The company focuses on the following points while making product strategy regarding overseas markets: The products are made and launched to fill the gap in the market as well as provide the consumers with the variety of products all over the globe. The contemporary global market offers the consumers variety of choice in all products. Being the marketing leader of women attire products, Nike Women presents its products in different varieties and for various age groups. The Company always sticks to high quality product while preparing its commodities. It does not make any compromise on high quality, which is the sign of its

The Islamic Concept Of Charity And Security Religion Essay

The Islamic Concept Of Charity And Security Religion Essay The contemporary debate of the charity has been long in the literature Melvin 2009, Ferrari and Khan 2010, Shirazi 1996, Scott 1987 and Waldron 1986. Specifically, the religious zeal and zest revolves around the notion of charity (Iwobi 2009). Islamic concept of charity is not exception for that debate of social welfare and the security (Scott 1987). It emphasizes on the moral values and the contribution to the neglected segment o f the society. However, Islamic concept of charity and social security has never been debated in the light of the moral economy. This paper is intended to give a comparative view about the different notions of the Islamic charity (zakat, sadqah and donation). The concept of charity, in general, is not new because every religion of the world preached that charity. However, the focus of this paper is to highlight the forms of charity in Islam, their differences and their impact on the multiculturalism and the formation of the moral economy. The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs and it is context specific. However, its aim and goals remain the same. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do (Al-Quran: Al-Baqara 2:110). Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity (Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith No. 2247). Charity is the fifth pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in the after world. The charity is not reciprocity for this world, but the world after. The Quran declare the five basic concept of the zakat. These concepts included: infaq (spending benevolently), ihsan (kindness), zakah (purification), sadqah (charitable deed) and khayrat (good deeds). However, Islam does not force anyone to give charity. It is obligatory in the form of zakat and voluntary in the shape of sadqah (charity) and donation. 2. Basic concepts of charity in Islam Islamic charity has three basic concepts: zakat, sadaqah and donation. 2.1 Zakat (alms giving) The zakat (Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is extracted from the word zaka to be pure that denotes purification. The Quran highlights to the purification of wealth and states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them (Al-Quran, Al-Tawbah 9:103). The zakat is obligation on a Muslim. It is moral duty of a Muslim to pay zakat at the rate of 2.5% per year. A Muslim cannot deny the zakat. The Quran lists recipients of Zakat: Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. (Al-Quran 9:60). The zakat is given individually to the relatives, neighbors and vulnerable communities. It is also administered collectively: Muslim charity organization, some of the Muslim states regulates the departments which are responsible of the charity (for instance Ministry of Religious Affairs, Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan) and Muslim associations. Nevertheless, zakat is mandatory to every Muslim (who can pay), but it is willful to pay individually or collectively. 2.2 Sadaqah (charity) The word sadaqah (Ø µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is derived from the Arabic root sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence sadaqah implies engaging in any virtuous and moral act in order to earn happiness of God. The sadaqah has certain principals which a Muslim must follow. One, sadaqah is given in the name of God. Second, the money or the donation should be from the legal sources. Islam discourages the illegitimate (stolen or unethically gained) money or resources. Third, surplus money (beyond the need of a person) is the money of God and Muslims are custodian of it. Therefore, they should spend and return the money to the needy, poor and spend on the ways of God  [4]  . The Quran outlines the charity: Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Al-Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:274). The Quran further highlights: And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord! Why didst Thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good. But to no soul will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come; and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do. (Al-Quran, Al-Munafiqun 63: 10-11). Further, the Quran states: And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (Al-Quran, Al Insà ¢n 76:8-9). In another statement, the Quran states: For those who give in Charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credit), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward (Al-Quran, Al Hadà ®d 57:18). Sadaqah is important for a number of purposes. It reduces the sins and increases the virtue of a Muslim. It compensates for shortcoming in any negligence in the payment of zakat. For instance, if a person forgets to pay zakat in the past or was guilty to pay the zakat, the sadaqah reduces the burden of the past. Sadaqah give a sense of protection not only the giver but also to the receiver of falling victim of disaster. God pleasure is received through the sadaqah. It is pleasure of the giver of the charity. The person feels happiness and fulfills his/ her obligation to the betterment of the humanity. Model of Islamic Charity Sadqah and donation: Volunteer charity No specification of rate or time Depends upon the capacity of an individual capacity Zakat: Obligatory charity Wealth: (income, earnings and savings) at the rate of 2.5% per anum Agriculture product: Crops (around 10%). Islamic Tresury (Fund): Bait-ul-Mal Spending: Needy, poor (orphans, widows), employees to administer and collect zakat, for those whose hearts are to be won over, captive (prisoners), in debts and scholars, and for the wayfarers. Social Security: Marginalized persons, communities Moral Economy: Good faith, fairness, justice, equality Fig 1.1 Fig 1.1 indicates that Islamic notion of charity is mainly based on the zakat, sadaqah and donation. These donations are collected at the Islamic funds. The fund is used to look after the marginalized community. This welfare is a form of social security. Everything related to the Islamic charity is based on the moral economy. The notion of moral economy is main crux of the charity. 2.3 Donation Third term which is often used is the donation. The donation refers to give money, gift or compensate the person, organization who is in need. A donation is typical a charity and it serves the purpose of humanity. Different words are used for the donation: khairat (Ø ®Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ± Ø Ø ª) or attya (Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Û ). These words denote the charity collectively and individually. Islam appreciates the donation to the cause of the humanity. It is normally given at the time of disaster, emergency, people in need, to save a human being, construct an educational institution and to feed the hungry people. 3. Difference between zakat, sadaqah and donation Zakat, sadaqah and donations are different kinds of charities in Islamic ideology. Zakat is the obligatory annual alms-giving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones own wealth. It is calculated 2.5% as per Islamic traditions in an year. The zakat is calculated at the beginning of the Islamic month Ramadan. According to the Islamic scholars, the zakat must be collected from the Muslims. This principal does not apply to the non- Muslims living in a Muslim state. It is mandatory and has strict verdict to pay the zakat, however, without any penalty for it. Zakat is responsibility of the only person who owns wealth. It is liable on the individual and the family. However, the sadaqah is a charity that is given beside the zakat contribution over the surplus wealth. It is volunteer act and without any percentage. Sadaqah is not specified as only monetary terms (feeding the poor and the needy), but also given support to the orphans, widows in the form of advising or counseling. It also includes the volunteer activities for the befit of the community at larger: teaching to the poor, giving sense of good faith and advising them to excel on the right path, the path of God. Similarly, some of the Islamic scholars believe that to form charity organization, construct educational institutions (mosque, school, college, universities) and construction of well (to clean water supply to the community) are the different forms of sadaqah. It can be given on the name of any relative (parents or children), if a person wishes to do so. Nevertheless, the sadaqah is volunteer act of the person and depend upon the capacity and surplus wealth of the person. On the other hand, the donation is neither time specific nor it is mandatory or obligatory. It is volunteer activity of a person. It significantly differs from the zakat, but close to the sadaqah. Nevertheless, these three types of the charity contribute to the welfare of the humanity altogether. 4. Comparative view of charity: Development of moral economy Islamic notion of charity (in its different forms) generates a moral economy. This is the economy which is based on the good faith and welfare of the humanity. In line with Bollig (1998) and Thompsons (1971, 1993) notion of moral economy. Islamic charity gives the following notion of charity. 4.1 Islamic charity: Moral injection Benthall (1999) highlights the Quranic injection of charity. According to Benthall the Islamic system of almsgiving (zakat) is more organized than other societies. For him, the zakat is closely associated with the prayers and the worship of God, therefore, the Muslim are morally obliged to pay the zakat to the poor, to the needy as per Islamic conception. He argued that Zakat can be distributed in poor, needy, orphans, widows, divorcees, prisoners and their families, unemployed and homeless people, students, those who cannot afford to marry. It is also for the disasters victims and those in need of free medicine or dignified funerals of a person who need it (Benthall 1999:31). Therefore, the Islamic charity is a moral injection to work for the betterment of the humanity. 4.2 Zakat: Powerful instrument to poverty eradication Zakat denotes growth, extension and purification and it is a donation on wealth and agriculture product. The zakat is collected as per nature of the wealth. It is collected to fulfill the tire needs of the marginalized segment of the society. The zakat is fundamental creed of Islam: It obligatory act of worship (Mohammad 1991). According to Mohammad (1996), the zakat is a system that has potential to eradicate poverty and inequalities (1991:1119). The zakat system is well organized system for the development of a country but it can be more organized for poverty eradication and for the maintenance of a society like Pakistan (Mohammad 1991). Similarly, a survey was conducted in 1990/91 of the household Integrated Economic Survey in Pakistan and findings revealed that the zakat and usher were the significant to contribute the lives of the people (Shirazi 1996). According to the survey, 39000 zakat committees were working with 250 thousand volunteers (Shirazi 1996:166). The zakat contribution on 1981/1982 from 845.85 million Pakistani rupees to 4655.9 million in 1993/94 (Shirazi 1996:170). The money was spending to substance allowance for poor (708.622 million), rehabilitation (245.669 million Pakistani rupees) and 1738234 people benefited from the zakat contribution (Shirazi 1996:185). However, the latest figures on the issue are not available. The development of the Islamic charity and its faire distribution could lead to alleviate and then eradicate poverty in the Muslim countries. However, the institution either do not exist or unable to deliver the services effectively. At some places, this institution was suppressed due to the fear of the dominance and power politics. Nevertheless, the Islamic charity has potential to contribute to the welfare of the humanity. 4.3 Charity: Road towards the social justice According to Bremer (2004:1) the development of any society local resources are necessary. Islamic societies developed over a range of charity organizations to in order to address the needs of the needy and poor. These organizations are zakat boards, wakf (endowment) and diverse local structures reflecting the richness of Islamic culture from Dakar to Davao (Ibid). For her, a strong civil society is now widely recognized as an important pillar supporting democratic institutions in the West (Bremer 2004:2). The strength of the civil society leads towards the development of the democratic institutions. According to her, foreign aid and a government is not enough for development in Muslim societies. Bremer outlines that in recent years USAID has funded the creation of an NGO service center that provides technical assistance and training to civil society organizations, and has granted financial support directly to NGOs ranging from business associations to community development groups (B remer 2004:3). For her, this development contribution can be significantly increased with the assistance of Islamic charity in Muslim societies. Ultimately, this charity leads towards the establishment of the social justice system (Bremer 2004). The whole notion of charity revolves around the notion of social justice in the Muslim world. The charity is the strong instrument to bring in the social justice. It helps the marginalized population within the society and tries to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. 4.4 Charity: Funding for free education According to Blanchard (2007) religious school work as a charity organization in Muslim countries. They are source of providing education to the vulnerable groups, especially to the madrasas (religious schools). Madrasas offer a free education, room, and board to their students, and thus they appeal to impoverished families and individuals. On the whole these religious schools are supported by private donations from Muslim believers through a process of alms-giving known in Arabic as zakat. The practice of zakatone of the five pillars of the Islamic faithprescribed that a fixed proportion of ones income be given to specified charitable causes, and traditionally a portion of zakat has endowed religious education (2007:4). Blanchard (2007) provides information that in Pakistan Madrasas are being observed by the government regarding their finance sources after 9/11 attack in the United States. He reveals that the madrasas are contributing to provide the education to the poorest. He found that madrasas are registered in Pakistan and their financial assistance is observed by the Government of Pakistan since August 2006 (Blanchard 2007:5). Nonetheless, the charity could fill the gap of the education. 4.5 Charity: Belief and health seeking behaviour A study highlights the importance of the sadaqah in health seeking behaviour in Pakistan (see Midway, Tabasco, Hani, and Khan 2010). This study revealed those patients who strongly belief and practice sadaqah (charity) feel better and believe that they can recover their health after giving charity to the poor. According to this research, almost 85% of the respondent thought and gave charity. The study reveals that the sadaqah is usually giving in the form of money (85.2%) clothes (49.2%) and sacrificing an animal (65.5%). Almost 92% of the respondents relate the belief and practice of sadaqah giving in the hope of recovery from illness. Nevertheless, charity gives internal strength to the patients and they believe that they can have better health recovery after giving the charity. 4.6 Islamic charity is universal or specific notion of welfare: There are two views about the Islamic charity. One, it is localized notion of welfare and limited to the only Muslims and the Muslim societies. The Muslims are contributors as well as consumer of the charity. This perspective is under criticism among a large segment of the Muslim scholars (see Benthall 1999). However, the second point of view is that Islamic charity is universal and every human being without border, creed and dogma can benefit from the charity. However, the charity contribution is applied only on Muslims. The Muslim contributes to the charity and gives equal importance to the whole human being in order to disburse the charity (Benthall 1999). However, they do not impose on the non- Muslims. Nevertheless, only Muslims are contributor of the Islamic charity. However, it is equally important to give the charity to the non-Muslims. There is no specification of creed or dogma in the Islamic charity (except zakat). The zakat is limited to the Muslim societies. The donation are without any religious affiliation or association. 5. Discussion There is wide spread opportunity to get resources in order to feed the marginalized segment of the society, as per the notion of Islamic charity, then why the Muslim countries are dependent upon foreign aid is a question which is often raised. In fact, there are two major reasons of the dependency of the Muslim societies on the foreign aid and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.1 Collapse of the charity institution: Change in the charity institutions Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid because they were unable to maintain their institutions. Such institutions were collapsed during the colonization or soon after (Bremer 2004). In the eyes of the colonial masters, the Muslim charity institutions were the symbol of Muslim legacy and they were a source of the rise of the Muslim power. Therefore, it was necessary to abolish such institution from the Muslims societies (Bremer 2004). Especially, the zakat institution was under strong scrutiny during the colonial era because it was believed that this institution supports the freedom struggle. The colonial powers developed the institution of welfare instead of the zakat institution. However, this welfare institution, developed by the colonial powers, was perceived as not ones own. It was considered as a symbol to get money, but without any legacy (Bremer 2004). It was just perceived as the symbol of the colony and soon after become the source to collect the money by hook or by crook. People wanted to get benefited from the social welfare but not were ready to pay it back. Therefore, it was not much institutionalized as the zakat was spread during the Muslim era in the Middle East and in the Muslim countries before the 19th century. However, the Islamic charity institutions are believed as part of the worship of the God. Therefore, there were rare cases of the unfairness or corruption. They have strong check and balance to maintain the charity among the Muslim charity organizations. Nonetheless, the change in the charity institution brought mistrust and unfairness in the charity. Many of the Muslims societies became the prey of it and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.2 Collapse of morality: Change to develop a new morality based on materialism Islam appreciates the giving hands (charity giver) and discourages the charity recipient. According to Islam, giving hand is better than the receiving hand. However, current scenario does not reflect the basic ideology of the charity of Islam. Despite of the fact that the zakat remain as an institution among the Muslim societies at individual level. However, it was not developed at the state level after the colonial era. It was perceived that state is in the hands of someone else (colonial masters or their local representatives) and there was not any institutionalized method of the zakat collection and its distribution. This mistrust or non-confidence led to collapse the real notion of the moral economy among the Muslims. In Islamic morality, there are two sets of rights and obligation for a Muslim: the rights to worship God and the right to serve the humanity. In Islam, the right of God may be put aside by the God, if He wants to do so. However, the right to serve the humanity cannot be neglected until unless the fellow human beings do not forgive it. It is exclusive related with the people and their rights. They (people, especially poor and the needy) have to forgive their rights to the fellow Muslims. So the Islamic moral values exclusive emphasize on the welfare and social security of the humanity and the marginalized group of the society. However, the collapse of the Islamic morality of charity is dominated phenomenon in the current era. It does contradict on the basic philosophy of the Islam that spends everything to the humanity which is surplus. However, the materialism and greed for wealth is dominant in the current culture of the Muslim societies. It is depicted in the life style and in the emerging value system. Consequently, it is affecting the basic notion of the Islamic charity and changing the moral economy of the Muslim in the contemporary era. 7. Conclusion Islamic concept of charity is much associated with the Muslim societies. It forms a moral economy and moral value systems (give charity and worship to the God). It also strengthens the notion of close social networking of the Muslims. However, it does not neglect the humanity at large. It gives a due share to provide the help to the people of the world. The charity is given to the needy, poor, scholars, charity organizations and welfare of the society at large. However, criticism to retain the Muslim charity among Muslim is not exclusive from the discussion of the charity. Dominant point of view, however, is in favour of the humanity rather than the welfare of the any specific community. Islamic charity begins from the individual level. It creates the space for the state. However, it does not exclusive involve the state to regulate the charity. The charity in Islam is equally important to the worship of God. Islam emphasize the worship of God (right to obey the God) and the service for the humanity (the rights of the poor and the needy). The charity is the right of the fellow human beings who are in need and it cannot be neglected as per Islamic moral economy. The Islamic charity is grounded in the concept of the moral economy.