Disadvantages Of The Clil Methodology Education Essay

Content and Language Integrated Learning ( CLIL ) is â€Å" an advanced attack to acquisition, a dynamic and actuating force with holistic characteristics † ( Paresi et al. 2001: 77 ) . This method of larning the content of capable through a foreign linguistic communication has been acclaimed worldwide as a pedagogical tool of supplying scholars with a particular learn-promoting atmosphere. Although surveies conducted in CLIL schoolrooms have demonstrated legion positive effects on linguistic communication competencies and attitude, there are still certain accomplishments which can non be developed every bit successfully as in traditional schoolrooms. First of wholly, this concerns productive accomplishments which are fostered less efficaciously in CLIL categories. Therefore, extra schemes are much needed in order to hike both unwritten and written accomplishments. One of such suited techniques is concerted acquisition ( CL ) , which gives scholars an chance to work with their equals and, what is even more of import, motivates them. Integrating CL into CLIL may assist ease overall linguistic communication proficiency and make a high degree of larning motive. This paper will analyze how pupils may be motivated in CLIL categories by implementing CL. The intent of the survey is to demo how CLIL enriched by CL can make a motivation acquisition environment. The first subdivision of the paper is an debut, which is followed by an overview of the research conducted on CLIL in Europe. Section 3 trades with the drawbacks of the CLIL attack and Section 4 is devoted to CL, which is divided into three subdivisions. First subdivision gives an overview of CL research done in Europe. The following subdivision defines CL as a term and the undermentioned subdivision investigates the specialnesss of CL organisation of the acquisition. Section 5 discusses how a blend of CLIL and CL can lend to making actuating category atmosphere. The concluding subdivision will pull a decision approximately CL as one of the most utile techniques to increase pupils ‘ motive to larn linguistic communication.2. CLIL research in EuropeAs already stated in the debut, this subdivision deals with research surveies carried out in European states and points out chief treatments refering CLIL as a instruction method, viz. its influence on lingual and cognitive competenci es of scholars. Before lucubrating on CLIL research, it should be noted that there is â€Å" still a well-documented dearth of research in this country † ( Perez- Canado 2011: 315 ) . CLIL is a particular method of â€Å" instruction and larning through a foreign linguistic communication † ( March 2002: 54 ) , which has been widely acknowledged across Europe. This attack of incorporating content and linguistic communication in the schoolroom has gained an increasing popularity in European states in the 1990s when greater degrees of foreign linguistic communication proficiency and new signifiers of bilingual instruction were needed due to socio-economic integrating and globalisation. Being introduced and developed by Council of Europe in 1996, CLIL attack was later underpinned by a series of schoolroom based surveies which provided grounds for its advantages. Overall, research work carried out on CLIL affirms that â€Å" it is safe and promising manner of learning both for foreign ling uistic communication and a content topic † ( Gregorczyk 2012: 10 ) . Findingss have showed that CLIL has positive impact non merely on content acquisition ( californium. Serra 2007 ; Deller & A ; Price 2007 ; Seikkula-Leino 2007 ; Vollmer 2008 ; Jappinen 2006 ) , but besides on L1 and L2 competencies ( californium. Masih 1999 ; Lorenzo, Casal & A ; Moore 2009 ; Coyle, Hood & A ; March 2010 ) . Besides, there are some research workers who emphasize the ability of CLIL to better content and linguistic communication competencies and who strongly believe in the importance of the CLIL methodological analysis ( californium. Mehisto & A ; March 2008 ) .3. Disadvantages of the CLIL methodological analysisDespite the presented potency of CLIL undertaking, several disadvantages of the content-based linguistic communication instruction were observed and investigated by different bookmans and learning experts. These surveies have demonstrated that particularly productive accomplishments a re less boosted in CLIL schoolrooms and are achieved at well lower degrees of public presentation than receptive accomplishments. This means that both speech production and composing accomplishments are reported to be negatively affected in content-based contexts. Particularly unwritten production of scholars is likely to neglect to be successfully developed and improved in CLIL categories ( Perez- Canado 2011: 317 ) . Although some research workers argue that good synergistic accomplishments can be acquired in content-based schoolrooms ( Moore 2011: 533 ) , Casal ( 2006: 1 ) points out that scholars have few chances to pass on with each other which may hold a negative impact non merely on unwritten but besides on written production. Furthermore, it is indispensable to concentrate much more attending on composing in content-based categories in order to go more positive results ( Dulton-Puffer 2007: 36 ) . Apart from the inquiries of negatively affected lingual competencies raised by assorted research workers, other bookmans were concentrated on issues associated with linguistic communication development ( californium. Dalton-Puffer 2007 ; Merisuo-Storm 2007 ) . However, merely few surveies are concerned with scholars ‘ attitudes or perceptual experiences ( californium. Hunt 2011 ) . Since this paper is focused on CL as an effectual instruction tool for actuating scholars in CLIL categories, the research done on CL will be briefly discussed in the first subdivision of the following subdivision devoted to CL.4. Concerted acquisition.4.1. Overview of European surveies on CLThough the term concerted acquisition was coined in the USA in the 1940s, most research has been undertaken merely during the last 30 old ages and has done much to progress theoreticians and instructors ‘ cognition of cooperation instruction. By looking at CL research outside the USA, there are merely few E uropean states in which thorough and cardinal surveies on CL have been conducted, viz. in Italy by Lopriore ( 1999 ) and Spain by Lobato Fraile ( 1998 ) , Rodriguez Tunas and Morales Urgel ( 1998 ) , Casal ( 2005 ) , every bit good as in the Netherlands by Van Oudenhoven, Van Berkum and Swen-Koopmans ( 1987 ) . More research on CL is surely needed in Europe, which could put peculiar emphasis on the benefits of the incorporation of CL into CLIL categories, because this might heighten CLIL greatly.4.2. Definition of concerted acquisitionCL promotes better scholar ‘s accomplishment than traditional acquisition attacks ( Slavin 1984: 256 ) . CL is known for its utile and effectual instructional value in linguistic communication acquisition and in instruction in general. There exists a big assortment of definitions of CL which depend on the theoretical attack behind this term. For Olsen & A ; Kagan ( 1992: 8 ) CL is a group larning pattern with a particular construction, where larn ing depends on â€Å" the socially structured exchange of information † between pupils who are responsible non merely for their ain results and advancement but besides for those of their equals. Similar to Olsen & A ; Kagan ( 1992 ) Johnson & A ; Johnson ( 1981: 446 ) position CL as a method of set uping â€Å" little groups so that pupils work together to maximise their ain and each other ‘s acquisition † . However, there are several broader definitions of CL, for illustration, one that is given by Jacobs, Power & A ; Loh ( 2002: A 1 ) who define CL as â€Å" rules and techniques for assisting pupils work together more efficaciously † . Another generalisation of the term CL can be found in the surveies by Damon & A ; Phelps ( 1989: 136 ) where research workers postulate CL as an overarching impression consisting â€Å" a scope of team-based acquisition attacks † . Overall, the definition of CL varies harmonizing to the facet of larning which is of primary importance for a peculiar theoretician. In this paper CL is regarded as an effectual pedagogical tool for bettering productive accomplishments in CLIL categories and for actuating linguistic communication scholars, and therefore, peculiar attending is drawn to both academic accomplishment and societal relationships, which may be enhanced in a concerted environment. The accentuation of these benefits of CL can besides be explained by the fact that scholars in a concerted scene follow the purpose of the group and seek to assist each other in larning which serves as a motivation force for their preparedness to inform and help their equals ( Gillies & A ; Boyle 2010: 933 ) .4.3. Organization of larning in concerted schoolroomsThe predating treatment has demonstrated non merely the assortment of definitions of the term CL, but besides has highlighted the advantages of this effectual group larning technique. This subdivision will show the bing methods of forming of the acquisition procedure in concerted schoolrooms to demo the effectivity of CL for CLIL attack. There are several schemes of set uping larning in concerted schoolrooms, which is based on different attacks such as Leaning Together ( californium. Johnson & A ; Johnson 1981 ; Johnson, Johnson & A ; Holubec 1992 ) , Complex Instruction ( californium. Cohen 1994 ) , Group Investigation ( californium. Sharan 1994 ) , Student Team Learning ( californium. Slavin 1995 ) and Structural Approach to CL ( californium. Kagan 1994 ) . Obviously, certain similarities and differences can be found among them, nevertheless, and they are all underpinned by the basic rules of CL, viz. , positive mutuality and single answerability. At this point it should be stated that it is non merely the execution of CL attack into CLIL contexts which is important but besides the effectual and decently designed group methods with their built-in rules from which CLIL may profit well. Furthermore, a immense assortment of CL techniques will do content-based categories more exciting for each scholar. ( californium. J acobs, Power, & A ; Loh 2002 ; Sharan 2010 ) . Some of them are presented by Jacobs ( 2004: 4-5 ) , e.g. Circle of Speakers, Write-Pair-Switch, Question-and-Answer Pairs, etc. Importantly, the incorporation of such group activities into CLIL â€Å" provokes pupils to endeavor † ( Brecke & A ; Jensen 2007: 57 ) .5. Execution of CL in CLIL schoolroomsAs already discussed in the old subdivision, CL techniques may increase scholars ‘ motive. However, non merely group activities per Se motivate pupils, but it is a ‘social interaction ‘ that is so extremely of import for them, and by and large, for kids begin to larn at an early age ( Gillies & A ; Boyle 2011: 933 ) . Motivation together with exposure and usage are defined as important requirements for effectual linguistic communication acquisition ( Willis 1996: 11 ) . Therefore, supplying scholars with more societal contacts and peer interaction activities will actuate them to win and to larn. This does non inte nd that in content-based categories pupils can non interact and are non motivated. Pistorio ( 2010: 2 ) underscores that CLIL has a possible to bring forth a â€Å" socially constructed acquisition environment † . Furthermore, CLIL, being based on ‘intristic motive ‘ , gives a batch of chances to larn linguistic communication by the way ( Paresi et al. 2001: 79-80 ) . In add-on, some research worker ( e.g. Hunt ( 2011: 365 ) posit that CLIL programmes can work out the job of â€Å" alienation † in L2 across Europe ( Lorenzo, Casal & A ; Moore 2009: 12-13 ) . However, harmonizing to Seikkula-Leino ( 2007: 330 ) , linguistic communication and content incorporated into the learning environment can non be equated with success. Therefore, an luxuriant combination of indispensable characteristics of CLIL attack and CL techniques will give more positive consequences, and, at the same clip, will better scholars ‘ motive. â€Å" This integrating provides a mo tivational and cognitive footing for linguistic communication acquisition † ( Snow, Met & A ; Genesee 1989: 202 ) .6. DecisionIn decision, CLIL being applied in European schools has been developed to heighten bilingual instruction and has surely the potency for growing. In order to avoid some booby traps of the content-based acquisition, viz. negatively affected productive accomplishments, an extra instruction method – CL – has been suggested. In this paper, CL techniques with their important rules were demonstrated as successful pedagogical tools which may better academic accomplishment and societal interaction in a CLIL environment. Underliing the importance of societal interaction as one of the built-in conditions for successful linguistic communication acquisition, this survey has proved that CL may be efficaciously integrated into content-based schoolrooms in order to accomplish both a higher degree of motive and to hike lingual competency outcomes overall. Furthermore, since assorted CL activities force equal interaction, they can besides further talking accomplishments by actuating pupils to pass on with other. Further research in this country is needed to place other positive facets of CL, which are suited for CLIL and which may be applied efficaciously, particularly to better composing accomplishments. It will be besides indispensable to place other cooperation characteristics which may increase motive to larn linguistic communication in content-based categories. Of class, CLIL needs to continue with development and research non merely to foreground its advantages, but besides to concentrate on extra instruction techniques in order to vouch that pupils can successfully develop both their receptive and productive accomplishments in a content-based environment. The consequences of this paper show that CLIL ‘s benefits will far outweigh the disadvantages when implementing CL into CLIL.

Air Asia

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (PMS 3393) ‘AIR ASIA’ Prepared by: Ahmad Izzuddin Bin Ahmad Zamri (4102005781) HaslindaBinti Ismail (4092008911) MohdAzuan Bin MohdAbdKadir (4102008091) Muhammad Khairil Anwar Bin Othman (4102004441) Nur An-NisaBintiRahmat (4071032881) SitiAisyahBintiMohdYusoff( 4102001031) SitiKhajirahBinti Abdul Aziz (4092008931) Prepared for: Dr. HafsahBinti Ahmad Submission Date: 22nd November 2012 Table of Content Acknowledgement1 Introduction2 History3 The Vision, Mission Statement and Objective5 Value Strategy6 Business Model8 Competitive Advantages10 AirAsia Assumption12SWOT Analysis13 The Air Asia 5 Forces Porter Model16 Air Asia Market Segments19 Five Years Financial Highlights22 Appendix24 References25 Acknowledgement Alhamdulillah. Thanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willingness has giving us the opportunity to successfully complete this Strategic Management assignment. First of all, we would like to express our special thank to Dr. HafsahBinti Ahmad, a le cturer of Strategic Management who had guided us and also provide a lot of information regarding our assignment from beginning to the end of the semester and also the valuable advices that he gave to us during our lectures.We are really appreciating it. Deepest thanks and appreciation to our parents, family and all fellow friends for their cooperation, encouragement, constructive suggestion and full of support for the assignment completion, from the beginning till the end. Without the help and guidance from all of you, it will be difficult for us to complete this assignment. Thank you. 1. 0 Introduction Air Asia is a Malaysian-based low-cost airline. Air Asia is Asia's largest low-fare, no-frills airline and a pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia.Air Asia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to over 400 destinations spanning 25 countries. Its main hub is the Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Its affiliate airlines Tha i Air Asia, Indonesia Air Asia, Air Asia Philippines and Air Asia Japan have hubs in Suvarnabhumi Airport, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Clark International Airport and Narita International Airport respectively. Air Asia's registered office is in Petaling Jaya, Selangor while its head office is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. 1. 1 HistoryAirAsia was established in 1993 and began operations on 18 November 1996. It was originally founded by a government-owned conglomerate, DRB-Hicom. On 2 December 2001 the heavily-indebted airline was bought by former Time Warner executive Tony Fernandes's company Tune Air Sdn Bhd for the token sum of one ringgit (about USD 0. 26 at the time) with USD 11 million (MYR 40 million) worth of debts. Fernandes turned the company around, producing a profit in 2002 and launching new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia Airlines with promotional fares as low as MYR 1 (USD 0. 7). In 2003, AirAsia ope ned a second hub at Senai International Airport in Johor Bahru near Singapore and launched its first international flight to Bangkok. AirAsia has since started a Thai subsidiary, added Singapore itself to the destination list, and started flights to Indonesia. Flights to Macau began in June 2004, and flights to mainland China (Xiamen) and the Philippines (Manila) in April 2005. Flights to Vietnam and Cambodia followed later in 2005 and to Brunei and Myanmar in 2006, the latter by Thai AirAsia.On August 2006, AirAsia took over Malaysia Airlines’ Rural Air Service routes in Sabah and Sarawak, operating under the Fly Asian Xpress brand. The routes were subsequently returned to MAS wings a year later, citing commercial reasons. Air Asia's CEO Tony Fernandes subsequently unveiled a five-year plan to further enhance its presence in Asia. Under the plan, Air Asia proposes to strengthen and enhance its route network by connecting all the existing cities in the region and expanding fu rther into Vietnam, Indonesia, Southern China (Kunming, Xiamen, Shenzhen) and India.The airline will focus on developing its hubs in Bangkok and Jakarta through its sister companies, Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia. With increase frequency and the addition of new routes, AirAsia expects passenger volume to reach 18 million by the end of 2007 On 27 September 2008, the company had on its list 106 new routes to be added to its then-current list of 60. The number of old routes discontinued has not been publicly disclosed. On 2 April 2012 Air Asia had their first flight from Sydney to Kuala Lumpur.In August 2011, AirAsia agreed to forge an alliance with Malaysian Airlines by means of a share swap. The alliance was struck down by the Malaysian government, in effect voiding the agreement of both airlines. 2. 0 The Vision, Mission Statement and Objective The Vision To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion people who are currently underserved with poor connecti vity and high fares. The Mission Statement †¢ To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family. †¢ Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand. To attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly with Air Asia. †¢ Maintain the highest quality product, embracing technology to reduce cost and enhance service level. Future Objective for AirAsia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-based AirAsia has recently announced in a press conference that they intend to purchase an additional twenty-five aircraft. The purchase is the second this year for the airline and fourth since the 2005. The purchase agreement is for 25 Airbus A320 series aircraft. This will bring the total A320 series aircraft operated by AirAsia to well over 200 aircraft.Air Asia group CEO Tony Fernades says at the press conference that this purchase is an important step for Air Asia as it signifies their future aggressive route expansion plans in tandem to their expected traffic growth over the next decade. It also demonstrates their commitment to enhance AirAsia's position on the networks by incorporating the most modern and efficient aircraft in the market. The addition of aircraft will be used to add frequency across the route network and introduce new routes. AirAsia's introduction to the aviation industry as an innovator has grown to the extent it is now a leader that sets the benchmark to others. Also speaking at the press conference was Airbus CEO John Leahy. Leahy was very excited about this newest order and says that their company have been extremely proud to be part of AirAsia's outstanding success and delighted that the confidence in the A320 has resulted in the airline now becoming the largest airline customer for this aircraft in the world. With its unbeatable economics and enormous passenger appeal, he is confident that the large A320 fleet is destined to propel AirAsia to the forefront of industry in the years ahead. 2. 1 Value Strategy * SafetyAdop ting a zero tolerance to unsafe practices and strives for zero accidents through proper training, work practices, risk management and adherence to safety regulations at all times. * High Aircraft Utilization Air Asia implementing the regions fastest turnaround time at only 25 minutes and assuring the lower costs and higher productivity. * Low Fare, No Frills Providing guests with choice of customizing services without compromising on the quality and services. * Valuing their People Committing to their people’s development and well-being and treating them with respect, dignity and fairness. Customer Focused They care and treat everyone in the same manner that they want to be treated. * Lean Distribution System They also offer a wide and innovative range of distribution channels to make booking and traveling easier. * Integrity Practicing highest standards of ethical behavior and demonstrate honesty in all their lines of work in order to command trust and mutual respect. * Exce llence in Performance Setting goals beyond the best and reinforcing high quality performance standards and achieving excellence through implementing best practices. 2. AirAsia Business Model 1. Low Cost Carrier A low cost carrier (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier) is an airline that offer low fares but eliminates all â€Å"non-essential† services. The typical low-cost carrier business model is based on: * A single passenger class * A single type of airplane (reducing training and services costs) * A simple fares scheme (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, rewards early reservations) * Free seating ( which encourages passengers to board early) * Direct, point to point flight with no transfer Flying to cheaper, less congested secondary airport * Short flights and fast turnaround times (allowing maximum utilization of planes) * â€Å"Free† in-flight catering and other â€Å"complimentary† services are eliminated, and replaced by optimal pai d-for-in-flight food and drink. 2. Simple Products A typical low cost airlines product is extremely basic. It focuses on getting passenger from point A to B, cutting all the â€Å"extras†. This means there are no meals, drinks and snacks served free on the board. In certain airlines, these may be purchased on request.The aircraft have Narrow seating to permit greater capacity. Low cost airlines offer all-economy flights with no additional space requirement for wider business class seating. This means more passengers can be accommodate on each sector. There are no facilities for seat allocations as this free-seating makes passenger’s board the flights early to get themselves a decent seat. The pricing structures of low cost airlines allow for no additional schemes or sales promotion activities, including frequent-flyers programmed. 3. PositioningThe low cost airlines the world over are known to target non-business passengers, leisure traffic and the price-conscious busi ness passenger segment. The low cost model works best on short-haul point-to-point traffic with high frequencies. These airlines have aggressive marketing strategies and complete with all transportation carriers, including the road and railway networks. Most western low cost airlines fly to secondary airports which are cheaper to land into. However, this is not yet option in India. 4. Low Operation CostsLow cost airlines have a very lean organization structure and operating costs are kept to the bare minimum with low wages (as crew/staff requirement are low and generally fresher’s are preferred), low airport fees, low cost for maintenance and cockpit training (as these are typically outsourced). There is no requirement for standby crews due to a homogeneous aircraft fleet. Low cost carriers aim at achieving high resource productivity. This is generally achieved due to short ground waits (as turnaround times are kept minimal due to simple boarding processes, no air freight, no hub services and short cleaning times).Selling cost is also minimized as high percentage (if not 100%) of ticket sales is generate online, eliminating the margin that would otherwise need to be passed on as commissions to travel agents. 2. 3 Competitive Advantages 2. 4AirAsia Assumption Assumption 1: it is assumed that AirAsia’s customers can still be satisfied and chose AirAsia’s services even if the company does not improve their customer service, as the level and factors of satisfaction differ amongst different customers.Mathematical, these three assumptions can be stated as: A3 = A2 + A1 Where A3 = Customer loyalty through improved services in AirAsia is dependent on; A2 = Customer (repurchase) behavior and; A1 = Customer satisfaction level based on previous experience. Assumption 2:  it is improvement of AirAsia’s customer services will result in improved customers satisfaction and preference for their services, but does not guarantee future repurchase i ntention, thus reducing the chances of customer retention and loyalty.Assumption 3: from the figure (3) above, it is assumed that an improvement in AirAsia’s customers services will enhance customers patronage (which can be measured by the number of repeat purchase and/or intention to repurchase) by improving customer’s experience with their services and enhancing their preference for AirAsia’s services compared to that of AirAsia’s competitors. 3. 0 SWOT Analysis Strengths * Air Asia has a very strong management team with strong links with governments and airline industry leaders.This is partly contributed by the diverse background of the executive management teams which consists of industry experts and ex-top government officials. For example, Shin Corp (formerly owned by the family of former Thai Prime Minister – Thaksin Shinawatra) holds a 50% stake in Thai Air Asia. This has helped Air Asia to open up and capture a sizeable market in Thailand. With their strong working relationship with Airbus, they managed to get big discount for aircraft purchase which is also more fuel efficient compared to Boeing 737 planes which is being used by many other airlines. The management team is also very good in strategy formulation and execution. The strategy that they have formulated at the beginnings was a clever blend of proven strategies by other low cost airlines is US and Europe. They are Ryanair’s operational strategy (no frills, landing in secondary airport), Southwest’s people strategy (employee comes first) and Easyjet’s branding strategy (linking with other service providers like hotels, car rental). * AirAsia is the low cost leader in Asia. With the help of AirAsia Academy, AirAsia has successfully created a â€Å"low-cost airline mentality† among their workforce.The workforce is very flexible and high committed and very critical in making AirAsia the lowest cost airline in Asia. * The excellent ut ilization of IT have directly contributed to their promotional activities (email alerts and desktop widget which was jointly developed with Microsoft for new promotions), brand building exercise (with over 3 million hits per month and on the most widely surfed booking engines in the world) as well keep the cost low by enabling direct purchase of tickets by consumer thus saving on airline agent fees. Weaknesses Air Asia does not have its own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility. It may be a good strategy when they first started with only Malaysia as the hub and few planes to maintain. But now, with few hubs (Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia) and over 100 planes currently owned and about another 100 planes to be received in the next few years, AirAsia have to ensure proper and continuous maintenance of the planes which will also help to keep the overall costs low. It is a competitive disadvantage not to have its own MRO facility. * AirAsia receives lot complaints from ustom ers on their service. Examples of complaints are around flight delays, being charged for a lot of things and not able to change flight or get a refund if customers could not make it. Good customer service and management is critical especially when competition is getting intense. Opportunities * There are 2 major events that are taking place now or going to take place in less than 6 months from now. First is the ever increasing oil price. Second is the â€Å"ASEAN Open Skies† agreement that has been reached. * The increasing oil price at the first glance may appear like a threat for AirAsia.But being a low cost leader, AirAsia an upper hand because its cost will be still the lowest among all the regional airlines. Thus, AirAsia has a great opportunity to capture some of the existing customers of full service and other low cost airline’s customers. However, there will be also some reduction in overall travel especially by casual or budget travelers. * There is also some opportunity to partner with other low cost airlines as Virgin to tap into their existing strengths or competitive advantages such as brand name, landing rights and landing slots (time to land). The population of Asian middle class will be reaching almost 700 million by 2010. This creates a larger market and a huge opportunity for all low cost airlines in this region including AirAsia. Threats * Certain rates like airport departure, security charges and landing charges are beyond the control of airline operators and this is a threat to all airlines especially low cost airlines which tries to keep their cost as low as possible. For example, Changi airport in Singapore charges SGD21 for every person who departs from Singapore. AirAsia’s profit margin is about 30% and this has already attracted many competitors. Most of the full service airlines have or planning to create a low cost subsidiary to compete directly with AirAsia. For example, Singapore Airlines has created a low cos t carrier Tiger Airways. * Users’ perception that budget airlines may compromise safety to keep costs low. 3. 1 The AirAsia 5 Forces Porter Model Internal Rivalry According to the geographic and product market, Lion Air, Batavia Air, Mandala Air, SriwijayaIndonesia and even Garuda Indonesia are Air Asia’s competitors.They also provide cheap prices andnumerous flight routes in South Asia. All these flight companies compete in price except GarudaIndonesia which has a different strategy. As consumer of Garuda, they will get a value-added. Air Asiaclaims that they have no Admin fees but in reality, there are many additional fees which don’t exist inother flight companies. Which is free for some companies is not for other ones. For instance, customers canspeak about booking seats fees or luggage fees. This is definitely the price dimension which matters onthis specific market.Thus the firms struggle on their costs. For instance Air Asia is well-known for theconsidera ble development of its Information Technology. Thanks to the considerable use of the IT, theyget low costs and are then able to offer low prices. In Asian developing countries, the middle class isgrowing up. This creates huge opportunities for the airlines. The companies will have to fight to get somemarket shares because customers are not loyal and switch easily from one company to another. Barriers to Entry Brand awareness is quite important in this industry.To enter this industry not only is requiredhigh capital but also brand image. Most of the time consumers choose the product or service they reallytrust. New entrants have to create brand loyalty by making huge investments to establish their reputation. The government legislation is one of the barriers for entering airlines industry. Therefore it isvery difficult getting a new flight route from the government. If Air Asia doesn’t get any more flight-routes, it may affect their profit because they need to extend their net work. Hopefully Air Asia has always been close to the governments in South Asia.For instance in Thailand, Shin Corp formerly owned by thefamily of former Thai Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, holds a 50% stake in Thai Air Asia. Thishelped Air Asia to open up and capture a sizeable market in Thailand. Government policies have limitednew entrances, which is a good thing for Air Asia because they are already settled on the market. Key inputs as technological know-how, raw materials, distribution or locations may also limit theaccess to the market. But when a company already established creates its own low cost firm, the key inputs are not a problem anymore.Tiger Airways which has been created by Singapore Airlines is one of the most dangerous competitors of Air Asia Supplier’s Power In airline industry, the power of suppliers is quite high. First there are only two major planessuppliers which are Airbus and Boeing. However both suppliers provide almost the same standardaircra fts, so that the possibility of consumers to switch is low. Moreover Air Asia ordered large amountsfrom Airbus in order to expand its routes to international routes. They built a strong relationship and Air Asia managed to get big discounts.Then Air Asia uses the fuel supplier (AVTUR) from Pertamina which prices are very sensitive. Itmay affect the ticket price. Moreover Air Asia, as Lion Air or Mandala, doesn’t use catering suppliers. They only offer snacks on flight and this is not for free. Lastly, Air Asia doesn’t have its ownmaintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility. If this was not a problem before when they only startedin Malaysia, now with three hubs and an important fleet of aircraft, it might be too expensive. Air Asiamust pay attention to this, not having its own MRO facility is a competitive disadvantage. Buyer’s PowerNowadays, buyers are much more informed and high-educated. That is why they are verysensitive to the price not matter the produc t or the service. Even if Air Asia always provides the lowest price to the costumer, they still will make a comparison between the different airlines. Besides it is veryeasy and costless for the customer to switch from one company to another one because many are offeringthe same service. Moreover Air Asia often gives a bad image to the costumers because of their chronicflight delays. People could choose for another company to be sure being on time. Substitutes and ComplimentsSometimes the consumer is not so much interested in the main product for some reasons. On thelow cost market, the main reason will be the price which he judges too expensive. Then he will look for substitutes. In the airline industry, we can meet two types of substitutes, the direct ones and the indirectones. If the customer is looking for transportation for a short distance, he can look for indirect substitutessuch as bus, train or ship. But travelling will take a longer time. He has to make a strategic choice between time and money. In Indonesia, the railroad industry is monopolized by PT. KAI so there is nocompetition.Regarding the bus and the ship, there are many companies so many choices. Some are the property of the government, some are private. If he is travelling on a longer distance, he will look for adirect substitute, that is to say other airlines. Teleconferencing and other type of business communicationsmay also be substitutes to air travel. Then they would affect the demand for airplanes. 3. 2 AirAsia Market Segments Market segmentation varies for each product but typically targets price oriented customers through their slogan â€Å"Now everyone can fly† Air Asia’s philosophy of low fares is aimed to make flying affordable for everyone.Air Asia also aims at making travel easy, convenient and fun for its guest. Full market coverage Products offered to customers cover all areas of a budget traveler. 3. 3 AirAsia 5 years Financial Highlights Appendix 4. 0 Reference s 1) History of AirAsia en. wikipedia. org/wiki/AirAsia 2) AirAsia’s vision, mission and objectives www. airasia. com/iwov†¦ /AirAsia/IR/AA%20Corporate%202007b. pdf 3) AirAsia value strategy announcements. bursamalaysia. com/†¦ /AIRASIA-†¦ 4) AirAsia business model en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_frills 5) Competitive advantage www. academia. edu/†¦ AirAsia_The_Worlds_Lowest_Cost_Airline 6) Strategic directions http://www. scribd. com/doc/14214973/Air-Asia-Strategic-Analysis 7) Strategic assumptions http://www. iservices. ilokabenneth. com/research_proposal_AirAsia. html 8) SWOT analysis www. allfreepapers. com/Miscellaneous/Air-Asia/9363. html 9) 5 Forces model www. studymode. com/subjects/air-asia-porter's-five-forces-page1. html 10) AirAsia market segmentations www. scribd. com/doc/51874782/14/MARKET-SEGMENTS 11) AirAsia 5 years financial highlights www. airasia. com/my/en/about-us/ir-5-year-financial-highlights. page

Quotes Analysis in Fahrenheit 451 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 930 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fahrenheit 451 Essay Ray Bradbury Essay Did you like this example? The quote is trying to say that Montag was really happy and had a smile on his face to being unhappy and frowning. He does this by using a simile by comparing his smile turning into a frown and a burning candle. This is important because Montag believes he is happy but the more he thinks about Is he happy and sees his bedroom, he starts to see that he is not truly happy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quotes Analysis in Fahrenheit 451" essay for you Create order It reveals that Montag starts to see the reality in which he is not truly happy. I feel that this happens to everyone because everyone has that one moment when something happens to you and you try to play it off as everything is fine when really you are sad and want to be alone. The quote is saying that people in their society are afraid of firemen and dont get to know that person when they are just ordinary people. This is important because society just decides to make assumptions of people, society is afraid of the firemen and are just jumping to conclusions or assuming the kind of people those firemen are. This reveals the kind of society in which they live in, the society doesnt want to know people or socialize, they assume the character of that person. In this quote, Bradbury is saying that there are so many bad people in the world. It is important because out of all those billions of people in the world, you only seem to meet those that bring struggle to your life other than those that can bring peace and harmony to you. This starts to reveal Montags feelings towards society and not to get too close to anyone because we all live in a world where things might not be what you expect. I feel that Bradbury has a point here in which that society can turn on you at any point because you can never trust anyone because you never know what this person might be trying to do. The quote is trying to say that everyone is using everyone and moving on to the next and not care about that person. As if you were using a box of tissues, you use the tissue and move on to the next. This is important because it just comes to shows here society has come to, people dont just seem to care about others and are just trying to get something from them. This r eveals that people in their society are really bad and use people for their being. I feel that this true in many cases, in most relationships today, some people dont care about their partner and just go after them for one thing weather it is money or popularity. The quote is saying that this woman is getting the last feeling of her books before they burn them. This is important because it shows how important these books or any book in general is important to her because she is ready to be killed alongside with the books.This reveals that books are really important to people and that a books importance is not the physical book itself but what the book means to a person. I feel that books must really be something special because someone is willing to die for their books. The quote is trying to say that Beatty was concerned about Montag, he wan not worried about Montag but he felt something off about him. This is important because it starts to tell us about what Montag was thinking about, which was the fire last week. This reveals that Montag was worried about the man. Also, he starts to wonder if the firehouse has always been the way it was right now. This makes me feel that when you are worried or thinking about something, there is alway some one that is curious or wondering about what you are thinking about because in this quote Beatty knows that there is something off about Montag. The quote is trying to say that when at times you want to be left alone, it is not always the best choice because you need to be pushed or bothered in his case to be able to live life to the fullest and care about yourself and the world around you. This is important because Montag is telling Mildred that she is not living her life to the fullest. She believes that her life is great because that is the way the government in their society wants them to live. This reveals that being normal in their society means that they should be happy, but their society is living in an inaccurate definition of happiness. This makes me feel that we should take advantage of the life we live in because they dont have the access to do the things that we can.The quote is saying that a book must have some kind of value to it in order to make someone want to take their life for some books. This is important because this is the start of Montag questioning the way the firemen deal with books like why the fire men burn the books when people are so attached to them. This reveals the importance of a book for people and Montag new view or opinion on books. This makes me feel that a book must have quite the value to make someone risk their life because I am really attached to my cell phone along with millions of other people but I would not take my life for a cellphone.

Market Structure A Monopoly And A Perfect Competitor

Abstract Market structures are either imperfect competition or perfect competition, referring to the environment in which a firm competes in. These are monopolies, oligopolies, monopolistic competitions, and perfect competitions. A monopoly is one market in which there are no substitutes and entry is difficult into the market. There are four variables for a monopoly to occur. An oligopoly is a market structure that has only a few sellers but the products are either differentiated or homogeneous. Monopolistic competition has elements of both a monopoly and a perfect competitor. With multiple sellers and differentiated products, a monopolistic competitor is able to produce with these advantages of both market structures. The final market structure is perfect competition. Perfect competition occurs when there are many sellers and buyers, identical products, mobility of resources, and complete knowledge of the market. Overall, a firm must decide which market structure is best to involve themselves in. A pure monopoly is not legal in the United States, but a natural monopoly or one enabled by the government is. An oligopoly is uncertain in the long run analysis. A monopolistic competitor must make sure it’s price strategy is suitable for the industry or they will stand to lose profit. Perfect competition, however, â€Å"has never really existed† (Salvatore, 2012, p. 374). Therefore, a firm faces a difficult task in deciding which market structure to produce in and mustShow MoreRelatedEssay on Four Market Structures in Australia865 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Essay Four Market Structures in Australia. NAME: LKHAGVASUREN KHURELBAATAR ID: EMV 20110 ------------------------------------------------- Individual Essay Four Market Structures in Australia. 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There are several meanings of efficiency and all are linked to how well a market shares scarce resources to satisfy consumers. The two of the terms within efficiency going to illustrate are allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency. Allocative efficiency Allocative efficiency looks into the goods and services that match the changing consumers’ needs and preferences, reflecting on the priceRead MorePerfect Competition and Monopoly1722 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 3 Perfect Competition and Monopoly (a) I. Explain perfect competition and monopoly market structures, and identify the key factors that distinguish them. Perfect Competition Market In economic theory, the perfect competition is a market form in which no producer or consumer has the power to influence prices in the market. According to the website wordIQ.com, in order to classify the market is a perfect competition market, the market must match below criteria: 1. ThereRead MoreDifferent Types Of Market Structures1413 Words   |  6 PagesMarket Structures A market is defined as an institution that brings together buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of a particular good or service. A Market structure is the relationship among the buyers and sellers of a market and how prices are determined through outside influences. There are four different types of market structures. Two on opposite extremes, and two comfortably in the middle. On one end is perfect competition, which acts as a starting point in price and output determination

Midsummer Night Dream Venus And Adonis Analysis - 1220 Words

Iyanna Penigo Ms. Chirat Period 4 May 13, 2017 In the works of Midsummer’s Night Dream, Venus and Adonis, and, Shakespeare uses themes, motifs, allusions, and imagery to suggest his audience reread and deeply analyze confusing passages several times to fully understand his masterpieces. In the play, A Midsummer’s Night Dream begins with Theseus, Duke of Athens, preparing for his marriage to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, with a four-day festival. Egeus, a citizen of Athens, goes to see Theseus with a complaint against his daughter: although Egeus has promised Hermia in marriage to Demetrius, who loves her, Lysander has won Hermia’s heart and refuses to obey her father and marry Demetrius. â€Å"Theseus speaks to Hermia, warning her to†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare portrays the lovers as overly serious, as each is sincerely busy with his or her own feelings: â€Å"Helena is fixed about her looks; Hermia becomes self-conscious about her height; Demetrius is plotting on how to keep H ermia from marrying other men, and Lysander believes he is the main character/superhero of this great story.†(Shakespeare Act II Scene iii) The breezy world of the fairies and the nonsensical predicaments in which the lovers find themselves is Shakespeares way of making light out of their grave concerns. Next, in Venus and Adonis, the world where there is no man as greatly put together as Adonis. Venus, a goddess of love, sees Adonis and is filed with love for him. Believing that Adonis is her one and only she has her mind set on coming down to earth and making Adonis her’s. Venus finally got to meet Adonis while he was on a morning hunt in the fields. Once she catches his attention and encouraging him to dismount his horse and talk her, Adonis reveals that he has no interest to talk to any woman, but she eventually forces him to do as she pleases. The more she talks, the more she desires that he would look at her with kind eyes, but the more Adonis wishes to leave and continue in with his hunting. Eventually broken free from Venus’s arms he gets on his horse

The Importance of Organization in a Police Department free essay sample

The organization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsible for patrolling twenty four square miles, then you might only have one precinct or division. A precinct, as stated in the text, is simply the entire collection of beats and sectors in a given geographic area (Dempsey Forst, 2005). One precinct may work for a police department that is responsible for twenty four square miles, but it would not be effective it if had to cover a bigger city, such as New York or Los Angeles. It would be ineffective and cause strain on the police force if they were to have one precinct responsible for a huge city. It would mean that officers would possibly take longer respond to emergency calls and there would be a lack of organization. This is why it is vital to split up the police department into different precincts, divided up by geographical areas. It allows the police officers to become familiar with the area it is patrolling. They would also have a better chance of becoming acquainted with the business owners and residents of the area, which will allow for better communication between society and the police department. Another major concept that one must think about when organizing a police department is time. This entails the scheduling of the officers, their days off, tour conditions, steady or fixed tours, and the common three tour system. The three tour system allows a police department to break up the twenty four hour day into three separate eight hour watches. It is the most common because the officers will only work eight hours, just like the rest of the society, and will not cause fatigue or ineffectiveness (Dempsey Forst, 2005). This is important because if you have officers working twelve hour shifts for five or six days of the week, they will become tired, thus losing their effectiveness. They may not have a willingness to go out there and stop crime if they do not have proper rest. Police department schedules and shifts may very depending on each police department’s responsibilities and personnel. For example, the Los Angeles Police Department employs officers on a twelve hour shift for 3 days a week. That give the officers four consecutive days off to keep morale high and an effective police force at it’s best. Today, more and more police departments are experimenting with a twelve hour for three days or a ten hour for four days shifts. Tour conditions also play a key part in how shifts are made up and assigned. If the majority of crimes occur during the evening or night watch, then a police department will probably have more officers assigned to the night watch. This will allow for officers to respond to emergency cars in a much quicker manner. The manpower in the days and swing shifts will take a hit, but fewer crimes occur during those hours so it will offset itself. Another factor or concept that plays an important role in the organization of a police department is the purpose or function of the police. What this means is that all members of a police department that are assigned to a patrol unit will be placed in the same division or bureau (Dempsey Forst, 2005). This also applies for detectives, special operation services, support services, administration services, and so on. Organizing a police department by function or purpose is important because you want to clearly define a police officer’s responsibilities within the police force. You do not want the same officer that responded to a domestic violence call to also lead the investigation on a homicide case. You want your police officer’s to focus on their respective tasks and responsibilities so that they will become more effective and comfortable doing their job as time passes. You make sure that the detectives do detective work and the patrol officers do patrol work. Also, when you place all the administrative and support personnel in separate divisions, you allow officers to perform their jobs without having to worry about training, budgets, finance issues, legal issues, clerical duties, internal affairs, or maintenance.

Denis Mcquail Essay Example

Denis Mcquail Paper The modern journalism has been made by major developments including technological advancements in the way news are gathered and transmitted. The growth of trade and technologies in the journalism sector has been realized due to dissemination and gathering of information regularly. The routine journalism makes the stakeholders to integrate and strategize the techniques used, as an approach of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the information broadcasted. The historical evolution of the journalism techniques used in the sector has resulted to innovated ways that adds the passion and taste of the approach of delivering information to the public. This is due to various importances such as enticing or conforming to the modern technologies in order to maximize the targeted audience base. Another reason for journalism advancements was to increase the speed at which the information reaches the audience and reliability. That is why the journalism developed from newspapers and magazines by 18th Century, television and radio in 20th Century, and later internet by 21st Century. The transformation of journalism industry was advocated by numerous scholars in the global society through different theoretical notions regarding the sector. However, each scholar contributed his notions towards the improvement on the way information is delivered to the targeted audience. This is because they provided unique theoretical ideas of changing the service delivery and overall career in journalism. Therefore, this paper aims at discussing the theoretical concepts of Denis McQuail, who was a communication theorist and among the influential scholars in the mass communication studies and related field of interests. The paper achieves the illustration of the McQuail’s contributions through explaining the way overall journalism changed. This is because of his effort in creating awareness by theoretical concepts in mass communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Denis Mcquail specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Denis Mcquail specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Denis Mcquail specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Denis McQuail had been publishing extensive communication theories, especially in the communication politics and theories. He concentrated at discussing the communication applications and theories, focusing at informing the societies on the merits and demerits of mass communication in the modern days of living. McQuail has been working at University of Amsterdam as Emeritus Professor and at University of Southampton, as Visiting Professor in Political Department. He utilized the opportunity in working in education institutions to widen his career in providing unique fundamental frameworks on the way journalism and mass communication broadcasts information to the targeted audience. Specifically, this write-up aims at discussing the proposition that the journalism would be unavailable if the stories were unstructured and unorganized gathering of current information. In addition, the paper discusses the fact that the structuring of story formation and organization of journalists enhanced the social roles of journalism, as well as preventing fulfillment of the journalism objectives. The explanations are well understood in reference to primary readings of the McQuail’s concepts in his book Journalism and Society (2013). This is because the book provides a clear notion of the way journalism was improved by adoption of structural frameworks of creating stories and having the organized journalist in gathering important information to the societal world. Various concepts had been developed by scholars of the era in order to have a fundamental framework for effective and efficient flow of information among the society. However, the framing of the journalism and mass communication topologies is characterized by extensive theoretical phenomenon that is actively contributed by the talented scholars in influencing the society to adopt their techniques. The efforts by the leading thinkers and learners led to the freedom and democracy in the roles of journalism in the media and communication industry. For instance, Denis McQuail provided the systematic explorations on bonding the relationship between journalism and the society. Carl Max provided various scopes of press freedom; Charles Dickens provided the structural framework of storybooks, among other scholars. In his book, McQuail explained that journalism should be balanced, independent, reliable, factual, and have diversity in reasonably serving the societies. Through his book, McQuail simplifies the theories of journalism to make them relevance and understandable to the local societies by teaching the necessity of proper journalism in gaining political energy and power. The book also explores the current and future status of journalism sector, as a unique and prominent profession. This includes the highlighting of consequential impacts of the modern technologies such as digital platforms that has dominated the new era. The book is much influential to the learner since it provides clear guidelines that are embedded to free online articles. Among the top concept presented by McQuail is the access to information notions. McQuail mostly lists the access to informational channels in discussing the normative theories in explaining the relationship between the journalism and societies. It is a fact that access to information is a double-edged concept that is considered by authorities, citizens, and the media itself, especially in delivering their services to the actual target audience in the society. The effective and efficient method of accessing information or having access to media channels that transmit the information to the public is a fundamental necessity to all stakeholders. Such concept is the one that offers the factual, independent, and cohesive information to protect the members of the public in order to avoid any incitation or clashing of the targeted society. For example, the media can report rogue information towards the senior political leader that may cause tension in the particular nation. In this case, th e authorities can prevent the circulation of such information depending with the policies provided by the constitutions that controls the ethical balancing in the media sector. Such notions caused McQuail to explain the fundamental concepts of ensuring better understanding of journalism ethics among the media personalities. Access concepts are complex notions, as presented by McQuail because it is built under several variables. Among the scholarly studies started all the way since World War II where access of information was based on political powers (Truman 1951). Another effort of establishing access concepts in journalism field was in 1970’s where the world powers focused their interests on UNESCO objectives. According to Morrissey (1997), various governmental agencies had been exhibiting and sharing the various systems of access of information. This is especially during the inter-governmental forums where each nation shares their model of access concepts with other nations in order to establish a formidable techniques or channels in transmitting the information to the audience. The scholarly interests in conceptualizing access has been aiming the societal momentum of economic and political arena, as well as the roles played by the media in stabling the political and economical pressures. The important channels to be accessed by the societies include authorities, media, electorates, and the entire market situations. As explained by the Servaes et al. (1996), the access concepts that was established by UNESCO was established in the three fundamental framework of political analogies involving self-management, participation, and access. However, the McQuail’s book Journalism and Society provides primary concepts of the way the society access information from the established channels. This includes their cooperativeness with the innovated and changed techniques due to the technological advancements. This is because the people’s expectations from the journalism sector differ depending with the class and status of the society itself. In addition, there are different factors that may contribute to the social variations in the expectation from media, as illustrated by Wright et al (2012). They include religion and cultural diversities, social class, political affiliations, and economic needs. In this case, the theoretical concept illustrated by McQuail in exhibiting the access of information channels noted the needs of people to adopt the culture of making the press the independent institutions. This means that the press needs to have maximum power to deliver ethical information to the society, although the information should be monitored to avoid incitation or polarization of the existence of peace among the people. Therefore, the access concept of information that was established by McQuail ensures the citizens acquire the required information in the way they need or for public interests. The media professionals also utilize the conceptual notion to ensure they provide the factual, quality, and ethical information to its audience. The mechanisms used by the media channels should also ensure the good relationship between the targeted audiences or even achieves its common goal of ensuring every audience access the information at ease. Such conceptual framework provided by McQuail in the importance of considering the best mechanism to access information in the media outlets led to organization of journalists and structured stories. Such resultants led made the broadcasted news to be high quality, well researched, or investigated in an ethical manner to avoid any future legal battles. Unfortunately, the use of poor technological media channels or concepts that promotes the accessibility of reliable information can result to poor access of information. This leads to various inconveniences in the overall journalism industry in delivering the services such as timely newscast or conduct investigative journalism that promotes the societal ideologies. For example, broadcasting the real stories of the way the governmental agencies practice corruption activities in their offices might change the normative behaviors among the societies to eliminate such issues that hinder developmental growth or transparent service delivery. The other concept illustrated in the McQuail’s book is the free press analogies. The provision of the freedom to the media and mass communication gave the overall journalism a chance to have extensive and factual information that favors the interests of public societies. This resulted to the democratic prosperity of the media sector, as well as overall political scope of the country (Burrowes 2011). This is because the free press acts as a public watchdog to the public interests and informs the society on any governmental hitch or impending changes in the mode of governance. In addition, the media fraternity acts as a whistleblower or representative of the public by presenting the needs of the people to the ruling government. In other words, the media acts as a link of the people to the government. Therefore, McQuail’s book provided fundamental ideas that can be enumerated by journalists in ensuring the social, economical, cultural, and political balancing when reporting or broadcasting any information for its audience. In this case, the journalists must conduct their research on any information to avoid any conflicting consequence that can cause mayhem in the society. For example, the media played a major role on development and growth of al-Qaeda group after September 11 attack since they were broadcasting real pictures and videos on the event. This created adequate attention in the global platform to the al-Qaeda group, especially after it accepted responsibility making it gain the momentum to cause such terrorist attacks and threats to the targeted nations (Denton 2004). However, the concept of the free press resulted to various changes and developments among the media industry and to the journalists themselves by giving them adequate authorities to control the information broadcasted. The freedom of the press also led to faster innovation of high technological mechanisms of submitting the current information to the global society. For example, the establishment and development of internet protocols has made journalism to be more convenient, faster, and quality news coverage of different societies around the globe. It takes only seconds for a journalist to snap a picture of the current happening and share it in the online platforms such as social media including Twitter and Facebook, thereby informing people at several miles far from the location of incident (Meyer 2004). Therefore, the free press concepts led to different technological advancements in the way information is delivered by the media and received by the audience. The other concept explained by the McQuail is the adoption of various approaches of perceiving the journalism as an independent profession. The creation of journalism industry to be a career choice changed the traditional model of mass communication and the overall journalism sector. This is because the specific institutions were established to sharpen the skill of the willing learners in order to have the capacity of delivering the structural stories. The career learning of journalists helped them to adopt new techniques of organizing themselves, especially when broadcasting news or covering the specific events. According to McQuail (2013), the approaches of perceiving the journalism as a career led to adoption of favorable principles of journalistic performances. They include the truth-value of basic publications on the public interests, solidarity and diversity, equality, cohesion, and order principles. Such principles have a notion of unifying the journalist to be one community w ith a common objective of informing the public on any area of interests. The professionalism of journalism led to organization of the occupations and various operational frameworks. This eliminated the mixed expectations and conflicts in the industry that were steered by demand and supply fluctuations that change the goals and ideologies of specific journalist (Winfield 2008). Therefore, the adoption of journalism as a career created a foundational structure of leveling the journalists depending with their skills and experience. In addition, it categorizes the journalists depending with their roles in the industry or participation capacity. This increased the capacity of the media outlets to monitor actively the happenings in the societies, as well as passing information from authorities to the societies and vise versa. Moreover, the professionalism of journalists enhanced the specification of characterized goals that acts as guiding principles of limiting the objectivity purposes and other activities in journalism sector. This helped the trained journalist to eliminate internal tension and fear in reporting or presenting the information to the society due to the monitorial responsibilities of the state power. Therefore, the journalists are trained on the media logics and the possible effects of monitoring for the public interest. They also receive accountability knowledge and skill since the application of their experiences can have direct impact to the society, which necessitated them to be informed of being responsible for their participation. The specialization of journalism career into identical profession led to the formative framework of administering the journalism sector to avoid future implications that may arise. According to Blumler and Katz (1974), they argued that mass media have a necessity to follow the audience expectation depending on their psychological and social origins. These lead to different approaches of media efforts to expose themselves for better coverage of their targets. According To Carey (1974), such notions result unintended consequences either positive or negative but has been advocated by natural perceptions of the societies. In addition, it may also be assumed that the audiences are actively motivated to make their own decisions without influence of the media. In conclusion, the historic trend of journalism is characterized by various evolutions that have seen the improvement and changes of the fundamental frameworks that guides on the way information is transmitted. However, various scholars including McQuail have developed important concepts that resulted to organization of journalists and writing structural stories. There had been several changes on the adopted policies in order to conform to the changing technologies and societal culture. This is to avoid conflicting values on the way information is transmitted or delivered. Unfortunately, the choice of poor mechanisms in mass communications may result to inaccurate or unreliable information. That is why the scholars keep researching on new techniques of journalism to avoid technical hick-up on the future broadcasting. References Blumler, JG Katz E (1974) The Uses of Mass Communication, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Burrowes, CP (2011) Property, Power and Press Freedom: Emergence of the Fourth Estate, 1640-1789, Journalism Communication Monographs Carey, J (1974) The Problem of Journalism History, Journalism History 1#1 pp 3, 4 Denton, RE (2004) Language, symbols, and the media: communication in the aftermath of the World Trade Center attack, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers